Securing Our Imported Supplies

East Branch of California Aqueduct, May 2023

East Branch of the California Aqueduct, photo courtesy of California Department of Water Resources

Our Foundation: Securing Our Imported Supplies

It is a simple reality: Southern California doesn’t produce enough water locally to meet the demands of our population and economy. The region imports more than half of the water it uses, most of it through Metropolitan. We bring this water to the region from two sources: the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, via the State Water Project, and the Colorado River, via the Colorado River Aqueduct. Together these imported supplies provide a foundation of water reliability in Southern California. Knowing that these critical imported resources cannot easily be replaced, Metropolitan works hard to ensure their continued reliability in the face of climate change.

50% of our water comes from the Colorado River Aqueduct and the State Water project, and 50% comes from local stormwater, groundwater, recycling, and desalination

The Colorado River Aqueduct: Where It All Begins

The Colorado River has been the backbone of Southern California’s imported water supply for more than 80 years, since a consortium of cities formed Metropolitan and built the Colorado River Aqueduct. Today, this massive infrastructure carries water from the river 242 miles across the desert, providing half of Metropolitan’s imported water supply to a region of roughly 19 million people. On average, the aqueduct delivers 800,000 acre-feet of water to Southern California every year, serving homes and businesses from San Diego to Ventura.

Lifeblood of the Southwest at Risk

Since Metropolitan’s first CRA deliveries in 1941, water from the Colorado River has helped transform Southern California into the thriving region it is today. The river also sustains millions of people, farms, businesses, tribal nations, and wildlife across six other states and Mexico. But this vital water source is in peril. A drying climate over the last two decades has significantly reduced the amount of water that regularly flows through the river. And as the climate continues warming, even less water is expected to flow in the Colorado River in the decades to come. Metropolitan and its partners across the Lower Basin states of California, Arizona and Nevada have responded by working together to lower their demands on the river by about 25% over the last 25 years. Despite this success, additional significant and long-term reductions are necessary to keep the system from failure. Water users are again collaborating to attempt to develop a plan to fairly and equitably distribute cuts and bring sustainability to the Colorado River.

The Colorado River starts from the Upper Basin in western Colorado and eastern Utah and then flows into Lake Powell From Lake Powell, the water flows into the Lower basin located in northern Arizona and then into Lake Mead in Nevada. Finally, the river follows the border of Arizona and flows into the Gulf of California in Mexico.

Learn more about these efforts

The water level of Lake Mead in July, 2023. Courtesy of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.

Hoover Dam, photo courtesy of United States Bureau of Reclamation

State Water Project: Delivering Supplies from the Northern Sierra

Lake Oroville, May 2024

Lake Oroville, photo courtesy of DWR.

Along with the Colorado River, Southern California’s other main source of imported water — typically about 30% of the region’s annual supply — comes from the Northern Sierra. It is delivered here through the system of reservoirs and aqueducts known as the State Water Project, the largest state-built water and power system in the nation. The water collects in the Feather River, passes through Lake Oroville and weaves its way through the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta before entering the 444-mile California Aqueduct to Southern California. Along the way, the State Water Project provides a critical water supply to more than 27 million Californians from the Bay Area to San Diego and sustains farmland that produces nearly half of the nation’s fruits and vegetables.

For several decades, mounting pressures on the Delta — ranging from environmental protections and water quality regulations to a changing climate marked by increasingly extreme weather patterns — have reduced the reliability of SWP deliveries to Southern California. Recognizing the importance of the Delta’s health to our water future, Metropolitan is committed to science-based watershed management, multi-benefit environmental initiatives and community-based partnerships with local stakeholders in the Delta. As we evaluate long-term investments related to water supply, we are ensuring they are aligned with our Climate Adaptation Master Plan for Water planning process.

The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta:
Hub of the State Water Project  

The Delta is critical to the state’s economy, water supply and quality of life for millions of Californians. It is home to an important ecosystem and diverse historical communities. Learn more about this unique place, its challenges and Metropolitan’s role in helping to develop cooperative regional and state solutions.

Thumbnail for a 15-minute video introducing the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and current sustainability challenges the Delta faces.
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Saving for a Not-So-Rainy Day: Exchanges, Transfers & Water Banking

California has always had highly variable weather – swinging from very dry years to very wet ones. As the climate changes, those swings are expected to become even more extreme, which means greater fluctuation in the water resources Metropolitan imports. To ensure Southern California has reliable water supplies, regardless of these swings, Metropolitan has made significant investments in storage. We’ve increased our storage capacity by 13 times since 1990, so when there is a very wet year in the Sierra or Colorado River Basin, we can store water for use in dry years. Some of that storage increase has come through investments in surface reservoirs, like Diamond Valley Lake and Lake Mead, through the Intentionally Created Surplus program. But equally important is the storage capacity Metropolitan has developed through partnerships with water agencies across California for groundwater banking and exchanges.

A panoramic view of the Antelope Valley-East Kern High Desert Water Bank. This project enables Metropolitan to store and withdraw up to 70,000 acre-feet of water per year – enough to serve the needs of 210,000 Southern California homes.

Antelope Valley-East Kern High Desert Water Bank

Antelope Valley-East Kern High Desert Water Bank

Banking Across the State

Through its groundwater banking agreements, Metropolitan stores water with partner agencies along the State Water Project and the Colorado River Aqueduct. They either put the water into their groundwater basins using spreading grounds or exchange it for water that they would have pumped out of the ground for use. In dry years, when Metropolitan’s imported supplies are limited, these partners either pump up some of the stored water for Metropolitan’s use or provide their other supplies in exchange. 

Metropolitan’s Partners:

  • Semitropic Water Banking and Exchange Program, Wasco
  • Arvin-Edison Water Management Program, Arvin
  • Kern Delta Water District Water Management Program, Taft
  • Mojave Storage Program, Mojave 
  • Antelope Valley-East Kern Water Agency (AVEK) High Desert Water Bank 
  • Desert Water Agency/Coachella Valley Water District Advanced Delivery Program, Coachella Valley

Water Transfers & Other Agreements

Metropolitan has developed other partnerships and programs to improve the reliability of imported supplies. This includes direct water transfers and exchanges, in which water is directly purchased in dry years, or exchanged for more water in wet years. Metropolitan’s portfolio includes such agreements with state and federal water agencies, water districts and individuals. On the Colorado River, Metropolitan also has developed specialized conservation programs in which Metropolitan invests in agricultural conservation and receives the conserved water.

Crops growing in a field located below arid mountains

Palo Verde Valley